Logistical Operations - Panasonic - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 6 Words: 1787 Downloads: 2 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Logistics Essay Type Analytical essay Did you like this example? P A N A S O N I C I à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Introduction This is essay will be submitted for the purpose of analyzing the organization I will be focusing to, its current order processing, how they process the inventory control, and the use of ICT technologies in logistical operations. Since the founding of our company in 1918, Panasonic have been providing better living to its customers, always making people central to their activities, and thus focusing on peoples lives. Going forward, based on innovative electronics technology, they provide a wide variety of products, systems, and services, ranging from consumer electronics products to industrial devices, building products and housing. The company is working hard to cater a new value for better living, and help realize A Better Life, A Better World for each individual. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Logistical Operations Panasonic" essay for you Create order (Panasonic, 2014) II à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Order Processing As technology is finding its way to into many business systems engineering efforts, Linkage of Order processing directly from the buyer to the factory and back to the buyer through computers is another breakthrough in technology nowadays. As one of the biggest electronics company, Panasonic have managed to establish its linkage to all its concerned parties via EDI (Electronic Device Information). Using one of the most popular systems (SAP), the company can easily get the orders from its customer around the world and send to the factory as well. Order Processing procedure (Practiced Globally): End Customer (after setting an agreement for the price quotation) to place order to Panasonic Overseas Sales office, who will evaluate the quantity that the customer is requesting based on the forecast they have initially given. Delivery request must be at least 90days before the requested delivery date, or else, ità ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s considered short lead-time order. Once everything is confirmed, EC will transmit the Purchase Order to Panasonic Singapore via EDI/SAP, followed by an email about the list of POà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s being transmitted. PIDS (Panasonic Singapore) will then check all the Customer POà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s received and counter- check all the informationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s needed (Quantity, MOS, Delivery date, Consignee, Destination and Final Buyer). After all information are confirmed, PIDS will check with Panasonic Refrigeration Devices Singapore if thereà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s available stock, release the PO to the factory then double check everything and forward the details to the Production Planning Department. This department will then do the proper material planning, production scheduling and then confirm the order reply with the delivery date via system (SAP). OSC would then be able to see the Order reply and share the information to the costumer if the schedule is acceptable to them or not. After the End customerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s confirmation (if ità ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s within the 90days lead-time), OSC will confirm to both PIDS and PRDS so they can advise the delivery schedule and confirm via EDI. *** PRDS will then proceed to produce the cargoes based on the planned schedule depending on the product. They would normally commit 1 week so they could produce and replenish the buffer stocks. *** In case of urgent shipments and stock out, factory will proceed to do the hand-to-mouth-production where all the F/G are right away be packed and proceed for collection by the In-house forwarder. *** They would propose to customer if ità ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s possible to do partial shipment and when is the best ETD/ETA. III The use of ICT in Panasonic Logistics operation Based on the above data linkage, Information Technology have been widely used in Panasonic. Investing in this kind of system cost them a huge amount but it did help them simplify the job and efficient result which has been a big help to the companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s value added service to its customers. Even in the US and other 1st world countries, Panasonic is implementing the use of RFID in monitoring its Rail, Port Airport activities. (Panasonic, 2014) SAP, EDI those high-end monitoring solution clearly enhances the productivity of cargo handling everywhere. The company invested to this high-cost technology but, without an aggressive inspection program and monitoring to support it higher costs and much bigger issues may be arise down the road. Benefits of EDI/SAP to Panasonic: Automated systems reduce labor and admin costs. Sharing info leads to more timely deliveries and falling inventory levels at the store. Cross docking reduces inventory levels at DC Customer need scare more fully addressed. Rapid replenishment can reduce stock-outs, and this means that customers seeking a particular product or brand will not leave empty-handed. A small amount of time spent by a skilled EDI consultant can save hours of time for your busy staff. It also ensures achievement of your process automation key goal: better key customer service. ISSUES Only large organizations can afford EDI/SAP. Not all companies/vendors are using EDI. Since EDI requires standardized, participating companies must agree on the format of a standard, and it is not easy for them to do since many of them have different standards. If the interested company canà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t afford to invest in the software, the chance for an additional customer might be lost. Higher Unemployment % à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" with EDI, everything can be done in fast-track. A small amount of time spent by a skilled EDI consultant can save hours of time for your busy staff. Thus, the company might choose to invest in an expensive investment than lose a bigger value in the long run if the user made some mistakes in the Order processing data entry up to the invoices being transmitted to the customer. High maintenance for IT à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" for every company that is using this software, thereà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s also a need to maintain a group of people who knows the software thoroughly and be able to trouble-shoot when errors are encountered. RECOMMENDATIONS 1st, I would recommend and would help if the company would be very flexible to cater/accept smaller companies who couldnà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t afford this software. They would also need to educate their employees about the software which will enable them to trouble-shoot with less help from the IT people. With this, the company can save by reducing the IT consultants. IV à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Inventory Control Every company/factory are in dire need of managing and controlling their inventory in order for them to maintain an even flow of production, at the same time avoiding excessive investment in inventories. Efficient inventory control cuts out losses and wastes of materials. Panasonic is currently using a Cycle Stock Method, Order-Cycle System. In this system, every 30, 60 or 90 days you go through your inventory and check product levels. You order more of products that you suspect will sell out before the following scheduled inventory checkup. Iss ues: 30 days inventory is dangerous. You could run into overstock problems or shortages. A lot of monitoring works for each cycle. The cycle is risky and it could make a company lost its profit. Thus, a lot of monitoring in its inventories needs to be done properly. Hiring a staff that is totally new would put the company into risk, V Conclusion In Order processing, It is vital to clearly communicate with the customer. Getting the right information and providing the correct feedback to them about their order are to be given a high importance. Tell the customer if there is a delay in the fulfillment of the order. Being upfront and honest with the customer when there is a problem is much better than ignoring it. Also, inform the customer when the order ships. Tell her the carrier, the tracking number and the expected delivery date. Ask for feedback from the customer after he receives the order. Have a customer service. Every company must establish this elegance in handling customers especially their orders. High-end technology is an enormous help to the company, but still, customer service is a profession that everyone needs to master for an Efficient Customer reply (ECR) As for the Inventory control, it is known that the aim of an effective inventory replenishment system is to maintain a suitable balance between the cost of holding stock and the particular service requirement for customers. Low stock is a dis-advantage as it canà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t help to customerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s need to be immediately fulfilled, which may lead to the loss of both existing and future business. High stock levels also have major disadvantage because capital is tied up that might be better invested in elsewhere. Thereà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s also a risk for Product deterioration, products may become obsolete, or outdated. The expense pf providing additional storage space is also a dis-advantage, thus we must need to have a balanced inventory. (Alan Rushton, 2006) Another factor which Inventory must be managed correctly is in manufacturing firms. Manufacture process requires relatively long process cycle-time. Procurement of materials has long lead time. Demand for finished products is some time seasonal and prone to fluctuations. Material costs are affected by fluctuations in demand and subsequent ly by fluctuations in manufacturing. These conditions are managed by maintaining reserve stock or safety stock through managing the inventory. VI Recommendation Due to the fluctuating market and high competition nowadays, I would recommend to use Kanban Pull System in order to manage their Inventory. Advantages: Pull System is establishing an appropriate inventory level with a focus on replenishment lead time to satisfy the actual customer consumption. A Pull Company builds only what is consumed and when it is consumed. The inventory level is only what is required for the customer demand, so the risk of inventory obsolescence or expiration is minimized. The need for a production schedule is removed as production only builds what is consumed in the sequence it is consumed. The mechanism used to inform production to fill an inventory position is called a Kanban Replenishment. Kanban is Japanese for à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“signalà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . An additional benefit of a P ull System is that the rush to à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“pushà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  orders through a system is removed, so work flows on actual demand à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“pullsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  and quality improves naturally due to a smooth manufacturing process. Consider all of the valuable machine time, materials, manpower and effort required to build to a Push System when a Pull System redirects these resources to build only what is required and when it is needed. The company saves money in areas unrealized before, such as improved quality, fewer rejects, better customer service, less planning, and lower management overhead. By being Lean, the focus of profit per piece-produced is replaced with the actual net profit of the entire companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s through-put. (Incorporated, 2007) References Alan Rushton, P. C. (2006). Basic Inventory Planning Management. In P. C. Alan Rushton, Logistics Distribution Management (pp. 197-207). Great Britain: Kogan Page Limited. Incorporated, W. S. (2007). Google. Retrieved from Lean-manufacturing-inventory: https://www.lean-manufacturing-inventory.com/pushvspull.aspx Panasonic. (2014, Oct 10). Retrieved from www.panasonic.com. Panasonic. (2014, Oct 17). Retrieved from Panasonic USA: https://www.panasonic.com/business-solutions/supply-chain-logistics-technology-solutions-port-rail.asp

Synesthesia - 1331 Words

Synesthesia: What We Know and Dont Know How many of us know what synesthesia is? What do we eat it with? How is it used or what is it used with. Well let me just tell you that synesthesia is a condition in which people have difficulty distinguishing between various sensory inputs. Synesthesia comes from two Greek words, syn, which means together, and aesthesis, which means perception. Therefore synesthesia literally means, Joined perception. Synesthesia is an involuntary joining in which the real information of one sense is accompanied by a perception in another sense.(web.mit.edu) In addition to being involuntary, this additional perception is regarded by the synesthete as real, often outside the body, instead of imagined†¦show more content†¦Synesthesia tends to be in: a) women, in the US, studies show that three times as many women as men have synesthesia; in the UK, eight times as many women have been reported to have it and the reason for this difference is not known yet. b) Left-handed: synesthetes are mo re likely to be left-handed than the general population. c) Neurologically normal: synesthetes are of normal intelligence, and standard neurological exams are normal. d) It can also run in the same family: synesthesia appears to be inherited in some fashion; it seems to be a dominant trait and it may be on the X-chromosome. But no only non-famous people have synesthesiaÂ…no also famous people have this disorder. Famous people that we might not have heard of or might not ever seen before have synesthesia. People like Vasily Kandinsky, a painter, Oliver Messiaen, a composer, Charles Baudetaire, a poet, Franz Liszt, a composer, Arthur Rimbaud, a poet, and Richard Phillips Feynman, a physicist. Some of these artists barely even know that they have synesthesia and the reason we know that is because they express it in their artwork and others do know they have synesthesia. How could we know if we are going to have or how we got synesthesia? There is a biological explanation for having synesthesia. Some scientists believe that synesthesia results from crossed-wiring in the brain. (wearcam.org) There is a hypothesis, which isShow MoreRelatedEssay on Synesthesia2675 Words   |  11 Pagesdifferent from most. Synesthesia is a perceptual bonus or condition, not a disease for those who experience it; I believe the condition should be more widely explained and understood by the general populous and res ources made available to the people to see if they are Synesthetes. This can be done by examining how synesthesia works, the abilities of mirror neurons, what and how synesthetes feel, what qualifies a person to be synesthetic, and my personal experiences with synesthesia. If the general populationRead MoreHistory of Synesthesia Essay examples1781 Words   |  8 PagesHistory of Synethesia July 11,2006 History of Synesthesia Synesthesia has been known to medicine for almost three hundred years. After interest peaked between 1860 and 1930, it was forgotten, because psychology and neurology were premature sciences. Psychological theory was full with associations, and concepts of nervous tissue were insignificant. 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There are many different types of synesthesia ranging from grapheme-color synesthesia, associating letter and numbers with colors, to spatial sequence synesthesia, associating numerical sequences to points in space. Synesthesia is a complex condition that is not fully yet understood but has a complexRead MoreEssay on Commonality of Synesthesia Induced by Serotonin732 Words   |  3 PagesThe study of synesthesia has grown exponentially over the past few decades and as a result there is some level of ambiguity as to the scope of what defines it. Gail Martino and Lawrence Mark propose that synesthesia can be categorized into strong or weak. The former refers to those who experience â€Å"a vivid image in one sensory in response to stimulation in another†, whereas the latter is characterized as â€Å"cross-sensory correspondence[s] expressed through language, perceptual similarity and perceptualRead MoreSenses Are Important For Everyday Life Essay1316 Words   |  6 Pagesworld very differently than the average person. Those people have a condition called synesthesia. The word synesthesia means union of the senses (WC #4). Synesthesia is a condition where one sense is perceived simultaneously with another sense. It can involve any of the senses, and can join objects such as letters, shapes and numbers with a sense perception such as color, taste, or smell (WC #1). Synesthesia is not a perception that happens only one way. In can vary in many different forms; itRead More Synaesthesia Essay1957 Words   |  8 Pagesknown as learned association. For example, childrens books may be written in different colour text and so the child learns to associate certain words with colours and this can become automatic, (http://www.macalester.edu/~psych/whathap/UBNRP/synesthesia/pseudo.html). What Causes Synaesthesia ======================== Although not yet fully understood and until recently considered to be amusing yet unimportant, there have been a few different claims on what causes synaesthesia. Dr. SimonRead MoreComparing Synesthesia And The Bower Essay2303 Words   |  10 PagesSynesthesia and the Bower: An Analysis of â€Å"Ode to a Nightingale† by John Keats Filled with sensorial imagery, John Keats’s use of the senses in â€Å"Ode to a Nightingale† leads to synesthetic description in order to convey what he is feeling and what he is imagining. This poem is based in a desire for escape and this is achieved through an imaginative bower in the speaker’s mind. The speaker is taken to this bower â€Å"on the viewless wings of Poesy† (Ode 928) whose song has put him into such a sublimeRead MoreSynesthesia And Music And Understanding The Mechanisms2011 Words   |  9 PagesAbstract: Synesthesia is a phenomenon in which one sense or part of the body is stimulated by another sense or part of the body. For example, certain sounds or visuals can stimulate and be related to colors, textures or smells. This article primarily focuses on synesthesia and music and understanding the mechanisms in the brain that allow certain people to see colors when listening or playing music. This review will also reference and analysis research that has been conducted on synesthesia in the brainRead MoreThree Types Of Synesthesia As A Phenomenon2315 Words   |  10 PagesSynesthesia is a phenomenon in which one sense or part of the body is stimulated by another sense or part of the body. 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Practical Guide to Litigation and Arbitration in the United Arab Emira

Question: Describe about the Practical Guide to Litigation and Arbitration in the United Arab Emirates? Answer: Introduction: The alternative dispute resolution system is quite important in the present society of legal phenomena. Here, we are going to discuss various aspects of the alternative dispute resolution system, in this study various modes of alternative dispute resolution as well as its its relation with the concept of Acas, different process of the system, and some other prospects of the alternative dispute resolution is going to be elaborated Applicability of Acas: The term Acas stands for Advisory conciliation and arbitration service, under this concept the parties to the dispute appoints an advisory committee in relation to disposal of the dispute, in this committee a third party is appointed by the parties in dispute for that purpose the third party presents available points of negotiation based upon which the dispute may be resolved, the third party helps in defining the problems and issues of the dispute and initiate a common negotiation from both the parties, it covers the aspects of the process where both the parties can control the outcome from the procedure. Modes of Alternative Dispute Resolution: As it was previously indicated, arbitration alone is not the way of alternative dispute resolution. ADR may be in the following modes: Negotiation: A non binding procedure in which discussions between the parties are intended without the intervention of any third party with a onject of arriving at a negotiated settlement of the dispute (Wunschheim, Tercier and Ajani, 2011). Conciliation/mediation: A non binding procedure in which an impartial third party, the conciliator or mediator, assists the parties to a dispute in reaching a mutually satisfactory and agreed settlement of the dispute (Davidson, 2000). Mediation arbitration: A procedure which combines, sequentially, conciliation/mediation and, where a dispute is not settled through conciliation/mediation within a period of time agreed in advance by the parties, arbitration. Medola: a procedure in which, if the parties fail to reach agreement through mediation, a neutral person, who may be the original mediator or an arbitrator, will select between the final negotiated offers of the parties, such selection being binding on the parties (Rau et al., 2002). Arbitration: A procedure in which the dispute is submitted to an arbitral tribunal which makes a decision or an award on the dispute that is binding on the parties (Ferrari and KroÃÅ'ˆll, 2011). Mini trial: A non binding procedure in which the disputing parties are presented with summaries of their cases to enable them to assess the strengths, weaknesses and prospects of their case and then an opportunity to negotiate a settlement with the assistance of a neutral adviser (McLaren, 2006). 7: Arbitration in fast-track mode: A form of arbitration in which the arbitration procedure is rendered in a particularly short time and reduced cost (Palmer, 2008). Purposes for alternative dispute resolution system: An alter native dispute resolution system brings both the parties to terms without damaging their good relation which had been before the rise or creation of the dispute. The alternative dispute resolution saves unnecessary court expenses and gives a cheap remedy. The alternative dispute resolution is bereft of corruption which is off and on found or apprehended in the judicial system. The ADR is also free from prejudices since both the parties comes to terms mutually out of their free will without any fear of consequences of winning or failing or being defeated in the case before the court, even of the fear of the sword contempt which just like the sword of Damocles hang on the heads of the parties. In court system the litigants or even the advocates feel their position to be very low and never equals to that of the judge. But in alternative dispute resolution system there is no such inferiority or superiority complex works (Szalai, 2013). The alternative dispute resolution system renders quicker justice. There is no complaint of justice delayed and justice denied (Gaillard, 2010). The ADR process maintains confidentiality and is not open to public at large. The ADR reserves the freedom of parties to withdraw from conciliation without prejudice to their legal position inter se at time during the procedure (Al Tamimi, 2003). The alternative dispute resolution obviates the parties from seeking recourse to the judicial system. The ADR is a very flexible and independent system free of statutory or custom ridden procedural law. The ADR is based on good faith of both the parties and has no place for bad faith, malice, ill-will, deceit or any kind of fraud or fabrication which are generally found in the minds and conducts of litigants in Courts (Hanotiau and Schwartz, 2010). Alternative dispute resolution system is faster than judicial system, it is economical instead of being expensive as in Court system, and it is final and binding settlement, just like a decree of court (Udell and Walsh, 1981). The alternative dispute resolution system is apt to make a better future. It paves the way to future progress. Alternate conciliation and alternate dispute resolution system: By conciliation: In this context dispute does not mean an ordinary or trifling dispute, but it should concern a dispute which arises out of legal relationship whether contractual or not, such as dispute arising between husband and wife relating to matrimonial matters, or a retired relationship such as of Hindus, who take marriage relationship by sacrament (Tocqueville, Mansfield and Winthrop, 2000). The relationship between the parties must be legal; it may be contractual or otherwise. A dispute relating to some legal relationship, as to real properties, intelligent property, family matters, breach of contracts or performance of some contracts, or arising out of some civil wrong as that of a tort, may be decided in either of three ways: i) Through court, ii) Through arbitration, iii) Through conciliation, The newly enacted statutes in relation to the arbitration and conciliation have brought a middle way of conciliation through the assistance of conciliation appointed under the provision of this act (Hall and McGuire, 2005). A dispute can be settling down without approaching before the court of law by implementing conciliation process. Any dispute which is sought to be settled must be arisen from legal relation whether contractual or not. The parties themselves appoint a sole-conciliator or conciliator and a third conciliator, for the purpose of coming into a negotiated decision for settling down the dispute (Glenn, 2005). The parties are entitled to adopt the conciliation proceedings without going in front of the court. Any dispute arose out of any legal relationship falls within the jurisdiction of the conciliation process (Thomas, 2007). For the purpose of settling down a dispute among the parties by way of a conciliation process one party should take the initiative and send the other party or parties the invitation accordingly (Green and Turner, 2013). By virtue of that, if the party who receives the invitation gives his assent to the invitation then the conciliation procedure starts. If both the parties are agree then they may appoint a sole conciliator, or they may appoint separate conciliator and a third conciliator mutually to act as a presiding conciliator (Bevan, Hollebon and Passow, 2004). For the purpose of appointment of conciliators the parties to the dispute may enlist the assistance of a preferable institution or individual, and specifically: a request can be made to such institution by the parties to the dispute for recommendation of the suitable individuals as conciliators. The appointment of such conciliators can be made by the institution with the prior consent of the parties. By arbitration: In an arbitration procedure each party shall be treated as equal and all the parties must get the opportunity to represent their views and points in respect to the matter in dispute. Parties to a dispute may agree upon a submission to be made in the arbitral proceedings, and this agreement shall bind all the parties regarding the decision taken in the arbitral procedure. If either of the party has any sought of issue regarding the decision of the arbitrator then that party must acknowledge it during the procedure, and thereafter the decision which shall be taken in the arbitration process will be conclusive (Noussia, 2014). Conclusion: After the above discussion it can be said that due to the overburden of the courts, alternative dispute resolution has become the very important process of law for obtaining justice. Now days court are not enough capable to dispose the matters in a rapid speed as there is a lot of burden relating to the pending cases upon the courts. In court proceedings the amount of expenses is also quite high in comparison, while alternative dispute resolution system not only gives speedy disposal of disputes but it is cheaper than court expenses as well. European Union laws as to precedents: In European perspective there are three main sources of laws which are legislations, customs and precedents. Judge made laws are known as precedents. When a contradiction arises between two or more statutes before the Ld. Court then the court has to intervene to resolve the contradiction among the statutes. By virtue of this interpretation the point of view as to that laws may change this is considered as judge made laws. At the time of deciding any dispute the court makes some observations and mention in the order or decree or judgment about such observations, and further applicability of that interpretation, these is known as precedential laws. These laws are made by the court of competent jurisdiction. While a statute or legislation is silent regarding any particular issue then the court clarify the applicability and the scope of the statute by making proper judgment. Precedents are very much comprehensive in nature as there may some conflict among the laws made by the legislative bodies but the laws framed by the judicial system are quite comprehensive and definite regarding its applicability. Precedents are the initiatives from the part of the judges of the Ld. Courts with competent jurisdiction. One third of the entire population of the world, which is approximately 2.3 billion people, lives under the common law rule or in organism mixed along with civil law. Common law invented in the period of the Middle Ages inEngland,and since there was promulgated to the outposts of the British Empire, which includesIndia too,the United States Pakistan, Nigeria, Bangladesh,and all other regions apart from Quebec,Malaysia,Ghana,Australia,,Hong Kong,Singapore, ,Ireland,Burma,Jamaica,Cyprus,Barbados, Zimbabwe,Cameroon, ,Liberia, Namibia,Sierra Leone,Guyana, Botswana,, andFiji (SynkovaÃÅ' , 2013). The "common law system" is alegal procedurethat provides immense precedential credence to common law,in order that steady ideology is useful to parallel particulars yield similar ending.The corpse of earlier period common law fastens judges that create future conclusion, just like any supplementary law does, to make sure reliable treatment. In situations where the parties oppose on what the rule is, a common law court seems to earlier periodprecedentialverdict of pertinent courts (Connolly, 2010). If a comparable dispute has been determined in the past, the court is generallyboundto go after the analysis used in the former decision, this theory is known asstare decisis. If, on the other hand, the court discovers that the present dispute is primarily distinct from all earlier cases ("matter of first impression"), adjudicators have the power and responsibility to construct law by makingprecedent.After that, the fresh judgment becomes precedent, and will tie future courts (Cohen, 2009). The main purpose of judge made laws are to solve contradictions among the legislations, all the inferior courts within the jurisdiction of a country have to follow the decision and observation made by the higher courts. Even the higher court itself used to follow the decisions given in any previous case into the future similar kind of cases. If the fundamental potential of the case differs from the earlier one then the court is not bound to follow the principals used in the previous case (Harding, 2013). There are many advantages of the judge made laws, mainly, there are very less chances of proximity and contraventions among the existing laws or the laws in issue before the court, as these laws are framed by resolving contraventions among the laws, so chances of future contradiction is very less. Judges are empowered to provide adequate guidelines in respect of the matter in dispute, by virtue of that, new laws are framed as to their potential and applicability (Fitzpatrick, 2004). Court precedents are one of main the sources of laws, where earlier period decisions generate new laws for adjudicators to pass on back to for direction in upcoming cases. Precedent is based on the rule of stare decisis et non quieta movere, further universally referred to as stare decisis', significance to stand by decided matters (Gaillard and Leleu-Knobil, 2010). An obligatory precedent is where earlier decisions have to be followed. This is able to from time to time lead to unfair decisions, which I will deal with when making discussion about the advantages and drawbacks of obligatory precedent. First it will be address how the procedure of court precedent works; it includes the hierarchical formation of the courts, stirring on to the advantages and weakness of utilization of the doctrine (Golan, 2004). An obligatory precedent is formed whilst the particulars of a latter case are adequately similar to the particulars of a earlier case. The doctrine of precedent is frequently referred to as a inflexible doctrine. In the court ladder, each court is bound to earlier verdicts made by courts superior than them. At the extremely apex of the court hierarchy is the European Court of Justice, go behind by the House of Lords, which is measured to be the supreme court as various rule do not worry European Union law. Verdicts made by the House of Lords turn into binding on all other courts within the purview of the jurisdiction (Ware, 2001). References: Al Tamimi, E. (2003).Practical guide to litigation and arbitration in the United Arab Emirates. The Hague: Kluwer Law International. Atlas, N., Huber, S. and Trachte-Huber, E. (2000).Alternative dispute resolution. Chicago, Ill.: Section of Litigation, ABA. Bevan, A., Hollebon, G. and Passow, S. (2004).Mediation in the workplace. Kingston upon Thames: Wolters Kluwer (UK). Cohen, M. (2009).A guide to special education advocacy. London, UK: Jessica Kingsley Publishers. Connolly, A. (2010).Cultural difference on trial. Farnham, England: Ashgate Pub. Davidson, F. (2000).Arbitration. Edinburgh: W. Green. Ferrari, F. and KroÃÅ'ˆll, S. (2011).Conflict of laws in international arbitration. Munich: Sellier. Fitzpatrick, A. (2004).The judicial system. Mankato, Minn.: Creative Education. Gaillard, E. (2010).Legal theory of international arbitration. Leiden: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. Gaillard, E. and Leleu-Knobil, N. (2010).The review of international arbitral awards. Huntington, N.Y.: Juris Publishing. Glenn, H. (2005).On common laws. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Golan, T. (2004).Laws of men and laws of nature. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press. Green, S. and Turner, E. (2013).Policy Convergence in the UK and Germany. Hoboken: Taylor and Francis. Hall, K. and McGuire, K. (2005).The judicial branch. Oxford [England]: Oxford University Press. Hanotiau, B. and Schwartz, E. (2010).Multiparty arbitration. Paris: International Chamber of Commerce. 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Contemporary International Business Issues - myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theContemporary International Business Issues for Services. Answer: International business is explained as the process of exchanging goods and services among business organization and individual in multiple countries. It is also outlined a procedure that comprises all the commercial transaction that takes place between many regions, nations, states, and nation beyond their geographical boundaries(Griffin Pustay, 2012). The contemporary international business is the cross-border management of business activities, this implies the activities that are between two or more countries. The international business is affected by different factors, this aspect comprises social, cultural, economic, political and technology(Bryman Bell, 2015). Australia is a business hub for many business industries. The business industries in Australia are a developed country where different business industries are operated within her business environment. However, the country is well known to have international business activities that are performed within and beyond her political boundaries(Hill, 2008). Multinational corporations like Apple Inc., Samsung, and Coca-Cola among others are known to conduct their business activities in Australia. The purpose of this paper is to primary explain the impact of contemporary international issues on Australia. The paper will embrace the impact of technology on Australian business industry(Laurel , 2017). Impact of technology in business Technology is a concept that has kept the world moving from one different stage to the other. Business industries in every dawn keep on changing because of new technology that encourages innovations. Every operating business organization is a watchdog for itself, watching over the trending technology and their impacts on the business activities(Morgan-Thomas, 2016). Some technology may negatively affect the way an organization is doing its business, some business organizations use the negative impacts of technology to develop their reputation in the market. Technology in Australia is a business factor that has generated both positive and negative influence on how companies are doing business. Therefore, it is one of the contemporary issues that affect the international business(Morgan-Thomas, 2016). Reducing Business Costs Small Business Enterprise in Australia uses technology to reduce the cost of doing business. Business technology is considered as a fundamental aspect that helps in record and bookkeeping, backing office functions and accounting process. The SMEs in Australia uses technology to create a competitive and secure business environment. Technology has allowed organizations to create a determinable consumer information that is relevant in marketing(Andam, 2014). Potential Increase in Business Technology allows business organization in Australia to reach new economic and market stages. Many business organizations tend to sell their products and services to the local Australian market, through technology business companies have to reach regional, national as well as international market. Website is a constituent of technology, Small business Enterprise creates business websites that are visited by consumers from different parts of the world. Website allows the organization to be in operation for 24 hours. Digital marketing is also acting as the technology component that promotes the use of technology in business activities(Andam, 2014). Improving Communication Technology is a vital aspect that is used in marketing and other business activities. Technology allows business organizations in Australia use communication to improve their communications structures. The business enterprises may use email texting, website, and other personal digital applications to communicate with their clients. Using technology in communication allows the companies to get feedbacks from the consumer in appropriate time(Armstrong, et al., 2015). Security Security is one of the factors that affect how business organizations conduct business. When business organizations conduct business activities through the internet, they tend to get glitches or malicious hackers, these hackers tend to expose the business sensitive data such as bank details and credit details. These occurrences can lead to revenues as the enterprise data are publicly exposed, the company may lose trust from the customers. As a result of the company, many lose revenue leading to bankruptcy(Laurel , 2017). Competition As a result of technology, companies business enterprises can provide customers with wide range of products and services at a competitive price. The low price of products and services results to "showrooming," of company products, customers can browse product for themselves on shelves where they can choose products that they need to purchase for themselves. Reduce in overhead cost may lead to low revenue to the companies since the prices of the product may meet the cost of materials. Walmart is one of the corporation that technology has resulted in unhealthy business competition in relation to product pricing strategies(Alex , 2012). Conclusion Technology is a factor that has contributed to both business failures and success. Business organizations are required to consider the impacts of technology to their operations. The organizational management obligated to consider measures that could be used to promote the success of the companies they manage. The success of Australian business enterprises use technology to gain their competitive advantage in the world business market. References Alex , P., 2012. The Impact of Technology in Business. Australian Business Review. [Online] Available at: https://www.businessreviewaustralia.com/technology/1115/The-Impact-of-Technology-in-Business [Accessed 16 Dec 2012]. Andam, Z. R., 2014. e-Commerce and e-Business.. s.l.:s.n. Armstrong, g., Kotler, p. Harker, m., 2015. Marketing: an introduction.. s.l.:Pearson Education.. Bryman, A. Bell, E., 2015. Business research methods. s.l.:Oxford University Press, USA. Griffin, R. W. Pustay, M. W., 2012. International business.. s.l.:Pearson Higher Ed.. Hill, C., 2008. International business: Competing in the global market place. Strategic Direction, 24(9). s.l.:s.n. Laurel , S., 2017. Negative Impact of the Internet on Business. [Online] Available at: https://itstillworks.com/negative-impact-internet-business-1393.html Morgan-Thomas, A., 2016. Rethinking technology in the SME context: Affordances, practices and ICTs.. International Small Business Journal, 34(8), pp.1122-1136..